Crystal Meth in Copenhagen: The Nordic Usage Profile

Crystal Meth in Copenhagen: The Nordic Usage Profile

Methamphetamine remains a drug with the potential to cause significant harm. Methamphetamine use in the Nordic region has historically been present, and Copenhagen shows a notable presence in wastewater analysis.

Regional Usage and Sourcing

Methamphetamine use has been spreading geographically, with Nordic countries seeing a potential market change from amphetamine to methamphetamine.

• Danish Context: Copenhagen recorded a methamphetamine consumption rate of **42.91 mg per 1000 people per day**. This level is significantly higher than other Nordic cities like Oslo and Helsinki, reflecting a localized usage trend.
• Sourcing: Supply to the Nordic countries often originates from production hubs in Central Europe (Czechia) and the Benelux region (Netherlands, Belgium).
• Forms of Methamphetamine: Methamphetamine is available in powder form (often mixed with other ingredients like lactose) and highly pure crystalline form (“ice” or “crystal meth”).

Severe Health and Social Consequences

The harms associated with methamphetamine use are universal and pose a severe public health threat in any community, including Copenhagen.

Physical Effects

• Cardiovascular Damage: Methamphetamine use immediately increases heart rate and blood pressure. Long-term abuse can lead to severe health problems like stroke, heart attack, and heart failure.
• Toxicity and Overdose: Use can cause fatal or non-fatal overdose (“overamping”), seizures, and a rapid, dangerous increase in body temperature (hyperthermia).
• “Meth Mouth”: Chronic use often results in severe tooth decay and loss. This is caused by a combination of drug-induced dry mouth (xerostomia), teeth grinding (bruxism), and poor hygiene.
• Infections: Injecting methamphetamine significantly increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting blood-borne viruses like **HIV and viral hepatitis**. It can also lead to bacterial infections, such as endocarditis (a heart infection).

Psychological Effects

• Psychosis and Paranoia: Long-term use is strongly linked to psychotic symptoms, including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and fixed, false delusions. A common delusion is the sensation of insects creeping under the skin (*formication*).
• Violent Behavior: Chronic users may exhibit aggressive and violent behavior due to agitation, paranoia, and severe mood swings.
• Cognitive Decline: Long-term abuse causes brain changes, resulting in deficits in memory, attention, problem-solving, and verbal learning.

Social and Community Impact

• Addiction: Methamphetamine has a high potential for abuse and dependence, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
• Community Harm: Methamphetamine use threatens whole communities, contributing to new waves of crime, unemployment, and child neglect or abuse.
• Economic Strain: The drug poses significant challenges to healthcare professionals and places a substantial burden on law enforcement and the legal system.

Legality and Penalties in Denmark

Denmark maintains a strict legal framework for high-risk narcotics like methamphetamine.

• Personal Use: Possession, sale, trafficking, and production of methamphetamine are **illegal in Denmark**.
• Trafficking: The production and distribution of methamphetamine are treated as strictly criminal offenses. The maximum penalty for basic drug trafficking offenses in EU member states can vary significantly but generally involves prison sentences to deter the supply of dangerous narcotics.